A child born in Australia is a citizen when a parent is a citizen or permanent resident, or when the child is ordinarily resident in Australia for the first ten years of life.
Sources: Australian Citizenship Act 2007
The general residence requirement is four years on a valid visa, including the final 12 months as a permanent resident or eligible Special Category Visa holder.
Sources: Australian Home Affairs — Citizenship residence calculator · Australian Citizenship Act 2007
A person born outside Australia may apply by descent when a parent was an Australian citizen at the time of birth.
Sources: Australian Home Affairs — Citizenship by descent · Australian Citizenship Act 2007
The permanent second stage of the closed BIIP: still granted to existing subclass 188 holders who complete their stream requirements (e.g. AUD 5M complying investment maintained ~4 years, 40 days/yr presence), but closed to anyone not already holding a 188 — a legacy pipeline, not an entry route.
Sources: Subclass 888 Business Innovation and Investment (Permanent) visa — Department of Home Affairs
Australia's current top-tier talent route and the closest successor to the investor program: a direct permanent visa, by invitation only, for people with an internationally recognised record of exceptional and outstanding achievement.
Sources: Subclass 858 National Innovation visa — Department of Home Affairs
The umbrella business/investor migration program (Business Innovation, Investor, Significant Investor and Entrepreneur streams) closed permanently to new applications on 31 July 2024 per the Migration Strategy.
Sources: BIIP closure and refunds — Department of Home Affairs
Australia's 'golden visa': AUD 5 million in complying significant investments (venture capital, emerging companies, balancing investments) for a provisional visa with a pathway to permanent residence via subclass 888.
Sources: BIIP closure and refunds — Department of Home Affairs
Where a licence connected to Australia can be exchanged, based on mapped official lists. Search every issuing country.
Licence issued in Australia
17 mapped destinationsRules vary by state, province, or territory.
Rules vary by state, province, or territory.
Rules vary by state, province, or territory.
Rules vary by state, province, or territory.
Rules vary by state, province, or territory.
Exchanging a foreign licence in Australia
The mapped official list contains 44 issuing origins; 28 are listed without theory or practical tests.
Austroads — Recognised overseas jurisdictions for Australian driver licences
Exchange normally requires residence in the destination and replaces the original licence. The official authority still decides validity, deadlines, classes, and any extra checks.
This passport benefits from: E-3 (Australians) · E-2 Treaty Investor · UK Youth Mobility (expanded AU/CA/NZ tier) · Panama Friendly Nations Visa